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Sensitive Detection of the Human Epididymis Protein-4 (HE4) Ovarian Cancer Biomarker through a Sandwich-Type Immunoassay Method with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Robinson Karunanithy, Suthakaran Ratnasingam, Torrey Holland, and Poopalasingam Sivakumar Bioconjugate Chem. 2023, 34, 3, 501–509  Abstract Detection of cancer before the appearance of any symptoms is crucial for successful treatment. Early detection is, however, very...

What is Coherence?

Coherence describes how the relative phases of waves behave. If the relative phase is constant, the waves are said to be coherent. If the relative phase changes, the waves are said to be incoherent. When talking about distance, it is called spacial coherence....

What is a Laser?

The word “laser” is an acronym that stands for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.” Lasers have two main components: a cavity made by two mirrors that reflect light between them and a gain medium that sits inside the cavity. Energy is pumped into...